Strategy Capacity: When Trade Size Changes the Result

A backtest can look flawless and still be untradeable. I've watched rules with clean equity curves that assumed every signal filled at the closing print fall apart the moment real…

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Heteroskedasticity: Why Model Errors Change Size in Markets

A backtest hands you a clean-looking number. The strategy's average edge is 0.4% a week, the confidence interval sits comfortably away from zero, and the significance test says a result…

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Investable Universe: The List Behind Every Stock Screen

Two traders run what they call the same momentum screen on Monday morning. Both rank US equities by six-month price change, both take the top twenty, and both trust the…

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Log Returns vs Simple Returns: What Traders Must Know

A stock closes up 10 percent on Monday and down 10 percent on Tuesday. Add the two moves and you get zero, so the week looks like a wash. The…

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Multiple Testing in Trading Research: When a Signal Lies

Picture a moving-average crossover you're testing. You try fast lengths from 5 to 50, slow lengths from 20 to 200, three different exit rules, and four separate stock universes. Somewhere…

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Hidden Markov Model: What Market Regime Labels Mean

You open a backtest and one line stops you. The strategy, it reports, only performs in the low-volatility regime. Somewhere a stretch of the chart has been tagged calm and…

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Look-Ahead Bias in Backtesting: The Timestamp Test

An equity curve slopes up and to the right, smooth, barely a drawdown across ten years. It reads like a finished strategy. Then you check one detail: the ranking that…

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Structural Break: When Old Market Data Stops Working

Pull ten years of daily data into a backtest, fit a trend filter that looks clean across the whole sample, then run it forward and watch it come apart. I've…

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Market Efficiency: A Framework for Judging Your Edge

A screen you built over the weekend just lit up. Across ten years of history it turned a modest stake into something that looks a lot like skill: the equity…

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Three-Phase Backtesting Protocol That Stops Curve Fitting

You hand a swing system fourteen years of daily bars, sweep eight parameter knobs, and the equity curve climbs at a 38 degree slope with a 1.92 Sharpe and a…

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