Strategy Capacity: When Trade Size Changes the Result

A backtest can look flawless and still be untradeable. I've watched rules with clean equity curves that assumed every signal filled at the closing print fall apart the moment real…

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Market Fragmentation: How One Stock Trades Across Venues

Pull up two market data feeds on the same stock at the same second and you'll often see them disagree. One shows 1,200 shares offered at 48.75. The other shows…

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Limit Order Book: How Market and Limit Orders Fill

Picture a 5,000-share market order hitting a thin small-cap at 10:47 in the morning. The last trade printed at 24.10, so you'd expect a fill somewhere near there. Instead the…

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Bid-Ask Spread: The Built-In Cost of Every Fill You Get

You mark a small-cap you've been watching, the last trade printed at 24.05, and you send a market order to get in. The fill comes back at 24.18. Nothing moved…

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